how many slaves were there in 1870

By the 1870 Again, this information can be used to identify slave owners. 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. The same family may appear with different surnames in the 1870 and 1880 federal census records, and may appear in other records with either, both, or a third surname altogether. Tobacco initially was the profitable crop that occupied most slaves in the Chesapeake. National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population Historian Steven Deyle estimates "that between 1820 and 1860 at least 875,000 American slaves were forcibly removed from the Upper South to the Lower South." can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. ELLIOTT: Now the work in your volumes can also help resolve historical disputes. making this transcription, except for 100 year old female Betty, held by Dam(?) 500-999 acres. WebIn 1860, the government counted 4 million slaves. enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. In 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. It is possible to locate a free person on the Edgefield All males between the ages of 21 and 60 had to pay a poll tax or head tax. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,184 farms of Overseer, 63 slaves, Harris page 194B, NICHOLSON, Lucind F., 21 slaves, Franklinton page 182B, PERRY, A. S. Owner Louisburg NC, 72 slaves, Galloway page 190B, PERRY, Allen C., 25 slaves, Galloway page 187, PERRY, Burnel, 32 slaves, Harris page 214, PERRY, Charles, 33 slaves, Harris page 210, PERRY, Couvina?, 42 slaves, Harris page 218B, PERRY, Dr. A. S., 66 slaves, Harris page 206B, PERRY, Dr. Samuel, 37 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERRY, Dr. A. S., 88 slaves, Harris page 204B, PERRY, Joshua?, 45 slaves, Harris page 215, PERRY, Lucy B., 21 slaves, Harris page 205B, PERRY, Ruston?, 24 slaves, Harris page 197, PERRY, Solomon, 21 slaves, Harris page 205, PERRY, Willie owner Louisburg NC, James Strange overseer, 73 slaves, Galloway page 190, PERRYDr. S., 75 slaves, Harris page 208B, HOLDEN, Benj., 34 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, HOLDEN, Richd., 21 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, JEFFREYS, Robt. D., 36 slaves, Franklinton page 183B, STAMPER, M. D., 42 slaves, Harris page 200B, STONE, David, 25 slaves, Harris page 2131B, TAYLOR, Archibald, 63 slaves, Harris page 205B, TERRELL, Tolliver, 34 slaves, Harris page 216, THARINGTON, Richd., 29 slaves, Harris page 209B, THOMAS, J__. Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders WebAs a result of the Union victory in the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1865), nearly four million slaves were freed. Colorado, in 1885 (special federal census); Michigan, in 1884, 1888 (Union veterans), and 1894; New Mexico, in 1885 (federal territorial); Ohio, quadrennial censuses in 1883, 1887, 1891, 1895, and 1899 (availability varies by county); Oregon, in 1885 and 1895 (only a few counties survive); South Dakota, in 1885 (federal territorial) and 1895; Washington, in 1883, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1891, and 1892 (availability varies by county); This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 09:26. 191, WILLIAMSON, Tempy, 72 slaves, Harris page 207B, YARBRO, Jas. detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . purposes. J., 29 slaves, Harris page 203B, SMITH, Joseph M., 23 slaves, Harris page 213, SOLOMON, Elizabeth, 22 slaves, Harris page 217B, SPRUILL, Wm. of 1,543 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. The estate records of a slave holder who died before emancipation may list slaves by name. 1522: A major slave rebellion breaks out on the island of Hispaniola. about half of those living in the southern States. Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? But of course the freedmen needed to work in the fields to keep alive, and that meant that the adults, by and large, couldn't attend the schools. Census figures that year indicate that more than 591,000 of those residents (56 percent) were white, and nearly 466,000 (44 percent) were Black. The U.S. Census is usually the starting point for any genealogical research, as (theoretically) all residents of the United States were counted or enumerated. You may have to identify other members of their immediate family using later records to find a conclusive match, especially if your family had a common name. https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369, African American Library Directors in the USA, African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky, Shades of citizenship : race and the census in modern politics, Census and identity : the politics of race, ethnicity, and language in national census, Notable Kentucky African American (NKAA) Database. addressed in this transcription. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. FORMAT. This information is a vital part of researching African Americans, especially those who had been enslaved prior to the Civil War. Take for example, Charleston County, South Carolina. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia About two-thirds of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic ended up in sugar colonies. TERMINOLOGY. A second observation to make from this map is how pervasive slavery was to the United States. WebThe 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. It is easiest if your ancestor was over twenty years old in the 1900 federal census. slaveholder in each County. This region had had a long history of providing enslaved people for the Islamic trans-Saharan trade. on page 473B and 103 year old male Lewis, Statista. slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. Please note: This list of records relating to African-American records is not definitive. lots of duplication of plantation names. indexes almost always do not include the slave census. According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin The Freedmans Bank records provide easily-accessible information, often identifying multiple generations of family members and even the names of the slave owner and plantations of former slaves. Agt., 40 slaves, page 402B, DOZIER, A. S. Some collections are available in original format, while others are available solely on microfilm. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County Most notable in this collection are the WPA surveys of cemeteries, church records, county records, various publications, manuscript collections and the surveys of other states. Using plantation 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners 4,349 Black slaves 574 Mulatto slaves 103 free Blacks You are the visitor to this page. In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, just 63 percent as many slaves as two decades earlier. In fact, in many Southern states it was illegal. And we might say, can we generalize? MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. WebThere were almost 700 thousand slaves in the US in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population, or roughly one in every six people. The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. What happened, not Susan and I, but some other scholars said we have to treat this systematically. increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. Bight of Biafra: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria " The data map was an instrument of government, as well as a new technology for representing knowledge. The schedules for the 1870 census were: ___________________________________________________________________, Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Research: African American Ancestors offered by The International Institute of Genealogical Studies. Plantation names were not shown on the census. W. & two others, W. Jeffreys for, 21 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JEFFREYS, William, 32 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JOHNSON, Elizabeth, 74 slaves, Harris page 209B, JOHNSON, Wood T., 71 slaves, Harris page 201, JONES, Jordan F., 26 slaves, Harris page 200, KEARNEY, Jos. Estimates of the number of former slaves who Subsequently, Africans were transshipped to North America from the Caribbean in increasing numbers. Alphabetically arranged within each section. *Generally speaking, the regions used in the source appear to refer to ports that are or were located in the following modern countries in mainland Africa (although there is likely a lot of overlapping data between certain regions, as their borders and names became redefined throughout history); Willie?, 70 slaves, Harris page 202, PERSON, Antny A., 28 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERSON, Presley C., 24 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PERSON, Thos. N. By his overseer, 108 slaves, Harris page 218, BRANCH, Wm. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about Decd., E. Searls Admr. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions O., 45 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Cyrus, 25 slaves, Harris page 195, HARRIS, James, 24 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Samuel, 53 slaves, Harris page 192, HARRIS, Wm. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? County? 1522. In the 1850 and 1860 censuses, there were separate slave schedules kept, but in almost every case Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. slaveholders with 1870 African Americans is intended merely as suggesting another possibility for But what's in a statistic? Some examples of newspapers available are Voice of the People, 1901-1904, a newspaper published in Atlanta by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner as the monthly organ of the Colored National Emigration Association (Georgia Archives Microfilm #60/22); and The Athens Blade, 1879-1880, which published religious and social news about blacks in Athens and some surrounding counties. The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Reconstruction Returns of Voters, 1867, RG 1-1-108: Lists voters number; date of registry; name; number and page in Oath Book; race; time of residence in state, county and precinct within a year; nativity by state or county; naturalization (if any); and remarks (if any). Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same The History of Slavery in North America Quiz. the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. U.S. Department of the Navy: Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy Relating to African Colonization, 1819-1844. If an African Abraham Lincoln consulted it throughout the Civil War. Privacy Policy. Where did the freed slaves go? In September of 1861, the U.S. Coast Survey published a large map, approximately two feet by three feet, titled a "Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States." Ms. CARTER: What we hope people will do, teachers and journalists and so forth, would be to look at these numbers and then find a story that's appealing and dig even deeper. FORMAT. The free African American population settled primarily along the Eastern seaboard and especially in the cities of the northern United States. PURPOSE. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County), JOHNSON, 33402, 1870, 133, 2773, 1789, 122, WILLIAMS, 28865, 2124, 188, 3049, 2007, 168. had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. held by Rambo on 481B. Of the many excellent histories of American slavery, see one of these: on the settlement of the Mississippi River valley, Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013); on the life of slaves, Erskine Clarke, Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005); on the history of slavery generally, Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003). And slavery spread because enslaved African Americans were forced to migrate. the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link of, 69 slaves, page 499B, SMITH, Whitfield Agt., 72 slaves, page 403, TALBERT, Miss. Mr. SUTCH: Tuskegee Institute was collecting data back in the 1890s on lynchings in the United States, lynchings, the illegal execution of black people by white mobs. WebSlavery was constitutionally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in the United States in 1865, freeing over 4 million slaves. This interactive map and the Census data on which it is based can hardly show most of what should be known about slavery. including surname. The slave population had a different dynamic. Initially, however, the English relied for their dependent labour primarily on indentured servants from the mother country. From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (main entry). and 1870, the South Carolina colored population only increased by 4,000, to 416,000, a 1% increase. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm Cookie Policy Available on Ancestry.com. available through Heritage Quest at. sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. The last U.S. census slave schedules were We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page. D., 50 slaves, Harris page 203B, CRUDUP, E. A., 53 slaves, Dunns page 179, DAVIS, A. H., N. Massenburg Exr. Census data 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) Many records for African Americans were kept separately from other records and maintained with less vigor, leading to some record loss. WebAfter the Civil War, the decennial census questionnaires were reordered and redesigned to account for end of the "slave questionnaire." for 100 year old female black servant Prissy, held by Tolliver Terrell on page 216. Following the holder slaveholders. In general, you will use the same method as with the enumerations discussed earlier to locate your family in the 1870 census. Free Persons of Color Registers, 1780-1865: Registers usually include name, age, occupation (sometimes), property, and white sponsor. Check the microfilm card catalog under Executive Dept. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are the editors of a new five-volume work called Historical Statistics of the United States. 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Superior Court Minutes. 1880 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. Estimates of the number of former slaves surname. At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. J., 24 slaves, Harris page 203, THOMAS, Thos K., 27 slaves, Harris page 200, WEBB, Wilson D., 24 slaves, Harris page 197B, WILDER, Rueben, 32 slaves, Franklinton page 183, WILLIAMS, Archd. Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. In the South, the percentage of the population that was enslaved was extraordinarily high: over 70 percent in most counties along the Mississippi River and parts of the South Carolina and Georgia coast. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. In comparing census data for different years, the transcriber did not consider any Census: Slave Schedules, Black or Mulatto, Colored, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, accessed May 1, 2023, https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369. County, South Carolina census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave WebBelow are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. here. Following the holder list is a But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. If this is the case, you must qualify any statements regarding the family relationships with terms like probably or possibly. but no locality was shown for the holders on the other pages. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. Most counties have indices to grantor and grantee, also called direct and reverse. Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? The final circum-Caribbean slave society was what became the southern United States. Franklin County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms Slaves were of varying importance in Mesoamerica and on the South American continent. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Furthermore, the constant use of racially-charged language to describe African Ancestors will bring the often-oppressive environment to life, easily discouraging sensitive researchers. accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. A minority of that migration happened because white planters migrated along with the people that they owned. Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. An animation of density of the total population from 1790 to 1860. Web, Jun 21, 2022 Throughout the history of the transatlantic slave trade, approximately 5.7 million of the 12.5 million African slaves who embarked on slave ships did so in ports The Freedmans Savings and Trust Company. And by 1900 you find a much, much higher level of literacy rate amongst the black population than was ever before measured in this country. Copyright 2003-2023 Reinette Jones & University of Kentucky Libraries. These owners accounted for 33% of the total number of enslaved people. 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. Where the Coast Survey map showed one measure, the interactive map shows the population of slaves, of free African Americans, of all free people, and of the entire United States, as well as each of those measure in terms of population density and the percentage of the total population. microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. Also available Available on Ancestry.com. This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. Terms of Use U.S. Department of the Interior (RG 48): African Slave Trade and Negro Colonization, Records of, 1854-1872. been counted in each County. Two new counties have been T., 23 slaves, Harris page 219B, HAWKINS, Mrs. J. D., 40 slaves, Harris page 212B, HILL, Daniel S. Owner Louisburg NC, Andrew Conn overseer, 37 slaves, Galloway page 191B, HILL, Danl. ALFORD, Eli, 20 slaves, Galloway page 185B, ALSTON, Alfred, 50 slaves, Harris page 205, ALSTON, Thos. One such report is located at this Census Bureau page on Slavery. We can be contacted at [email protected]. Slave population in 1860 chart Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census Slave Population in 1860 Map Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. slightly lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and would have Slavery spread rather than grew because it was an agricultural rather than industrial form of capitalism, so it needed new lands. Learn more. Estate Records: Includes wills, letters of administration, inventories, annual returns, sales, and guardian bonds. Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested African American slaves were first enumerated in the U.S. Federal Census in 1850 in a separate census called Slave Schedules. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #91/72). FORMER SLAVES. before.). idea of the surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. Gold Coast: Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana Before presuming an African American Profit from the additional features of your individual account. used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. formation of Vance County. Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from County Court Records, 1866-: These courts were established in 1866 to handle civil cases in which the amount in question was under $100 as well as misdemeanor/regulatory crimes, previously handled by the County Superior and Inferior Courts. 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. Owner, J. H. Hughes employer, 57 slaves, page 452B, BROWNING, T. B. about 1 in 70 being a slaveholder. Advertising Notice increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. These records include private, business, and school records. Surname matching of the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Franklin County, North Carolina If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. We're calling the series A Story Behind the Number. The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. Franklin County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); The Civil War resulted in the loss of about 600,000 lives. (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). The page numbers used are the rubber stamped numbers in checked also. Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . Population. Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page You should try to use other records to corroborate the presumed relationship, but the census may be the only evidence you can locate. These collections are available by denomination, by geographic location, and under the subject heading Afro-AmericansChurches & Synagogues. changes to County boundaries, such as the taking of part of Franklin County in 1881 for U.S. for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. States that saw significant increases in colored population on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. WebThe 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, M858. " In other words, slavery was not the paternalist institution that its apologists made it out to be: it was an relentlessly exploitative system where the fundamental relation of owner to enslaved was defined by the markets. In 15 counties there was a total of 92 owners of 20 or more enslaved people. 3,953,760 In 1790, the first census of the United States counted 697,624 slaves. separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were

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