What would you put at the top of the list? The reason is, a writer studies rhetorical or persuasive techniques used by the author to influence his . Reserve the library for Session Three so the students can do research on their speeches. X European trade unionists Direct students to, Remind students that their work will be evaluate using the. Both are preferring to repeat their arguments instead of introducing other subjects. Accuracy and availability may vary. In a few words, Trump is able to talk not about a single but a few topics. Using the Diction system, Bligh et al. This set of words indicates the political electoral parlance or recurrent words used by politicians during an election. Webb (D)) or two debates (e.g. Four global stylistic measurements according to TV debates. Subjects: . In this essay, I will analyze the rhetorical situation of the historical speech "The Challenger Address" delivered by the 40th president of the United States, Ronald Reagan. They defined the psychological portrait both on single measurements (e.g. Thank you. MERCIECA: Yeah, so one of Trump's rhetorical strategies has been to use ad baculum, which is Latin and means threats of force or intimidation. The maximum value is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. An antanagoge uses a negative and positive statement in one. He does it even in interviews. Canada, Qubec, France (1945-2000). Applying this procedure, the term specificity can be computed according to the text P0. So scholars call that stochastic terrorism. Getting to Know You: Developing Short Biographies to Build Community, Phonic Generalizations in Chrysanthemum, My World of Words: Building Vocabulary Lists, The Day Jimmy's Boa Taught Cause and Effect, Literary Scrapbooks Online: An Electronic Reader-Response Project, background and information sheet for teachers, 10-minute clip of a contemporary presidential speech, Queen Elizabeths speech to the troops at Tilbury. Differentiations between political parties can however be observed as, for example, studies based on tweets (Sylwester and Purver, 2015). O to explain why military action is necessary Exploring the Power of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Words through Diamante Poetry. The set of all distinct word types forms the vocabulary, denoted by V, while the text length is represented by n. Some statistics about candidates speeches and comments. More precisely, this study has focused on the oral communication form using different TV debates in both political parties, a form less observed in previous studies. Choose from (a) Alfred Binet, (b) Howard Gardner, (c) Arthur Jensen, (d) Lewis Terman, (e) Robert Sternberg, and (f) David Wechsler. The previous section focusses mainly on stylistic features, both at the lexical and syntactical level. To avoid this problem, a better computation is provided in (Covington and McFall, 2010) or (Popescu, 2009), suggesting taking the moving average of TTR. We will use rhetorical analysis to examine how presidential candidates and political commentators attempt to achieve their purposes in speeches, websites, and articles. President Barack Obama made history by being America's first African-American president. With this foundation, even if you are just starting out, you can become . Essay Rubric: This rubric is used as a guide for students as they are writing their essay, and for teachers to use as a grading tool. 1986 Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress Senators Cruz or OMalley have a more sophisticated communication style, employing longer sentences and a more complex lexicon. Clinton appears with the largest number of tokens, followed by Sanders, Trump, Rubio, and Cruz. The rhetorical situation is the context out of a which a text is created. For example, G. W. Bush used more frequently the pronoun I, positive emotion words (e.g. La campagne prsidentielle de 2012. we, us, ours, or wars, war) or lemmas (dictionary entries such as we or war from the previous example) often lead to similar conclusions. For example, positive emotion words occur more frequently in Democrats tweets than in Republican ones, as well as swear expressions, or first singular person pronouns (e.g. May 2018. Comparing and contrasting procedures for text clustering, Italian Journal of Applied Linguistics - Statistica Applicata, Affective news: the automated coding of sentiment in political texts, Classifying party affiliation from political speech, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, Language and gender in congressional speech, The Author 2017. The Eloquent Woman: contains famous and not-so-famous speeches by women on all sorts of issues as well as . One can see the presence of expressions related to the dialogue between candidates (Senator Sanders by Clinton, Donald with Cruz, Jeb under Trump). So he wants to show his audience how phony the interview is. O It calls attention to the urgency of the message. With Obama, the MSL decreases to 18.5 tokens/sentence. SHAPIRO: You know, you say President Trump attacks people, and that's broadly true as a figure of speech. Anne Hutchinson was a prominent figure in the religious and political landscape of colonial America. On the other hand, Bush, Paul, and, to a lesser extent, Cruz are closer to OMalleys PTC value, being able to present alternative formulations or covering more distinct subjects. Go around to check and to monitor as students share their ideas and progress. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Start your introduction paragraph with an attention-getter or hook. His image was centered around his verbosity, egocentricity, and pomposity. What is the occasion for the speech? grounded on personal pronouns (Pennebaker, 2011)). DyI3d\a W=? >26}?=#^j4dA]pT@/ k= QtdE{~OL_DoQ*V\H'9/hP^EI0mewZ. xZs8b5I&3;{p3_-Gv655-?-)_n g,~ "F+ ~|z-}swG\TssT^X^_,o,b/-_,k]$^Rd nW.rx Those terms correspond to recurrent thematic words or expressions on which the author wants to insist. Heres one example from the past you could use: Continue the work from the previous session by distributing the, Tell students they will be getting additional practice with analyzing a speech as an argument by showing a short. To achieve this, the computation ignored all functional words for all texts. Traditionally, teachers have encouraged students to engage with and interpret literaturenovels, poems, short stories, and plays. As a tweet is rather short (in mean eleven words), the sentiment estimation is simply the count of the number of positive and negative words appearing in the OpinionFinder dictionary (Wilson et al., 2005). You saw people over the last few weeks planning an insurrection and, in fact, invading the Capitol and then later saying, I'm here because my president told me to be. worldwide war, deep economic depression) may change noticeably the style. Ask students to share their outlines and thesis statements. Such a selection strategy produces a low recall because many tweets about Obamas administration are not considered). Table 4 confirms that Trump owns a style very distinct than the others. He believed that the repetition of a simple message, even if false (Millbank, 2016), is enough to persuade the citizens that it is true. The next section presents some related research in computer-based analysis of political speeches. In this example, terms having a Z score larger than 5.0 are depicted in italics. This computation technique has been adopted. Thus, which keywords or expressions can well describe each candidate and can be used to denote his/her difference? Useful for a wide variety of reading and writing activities, this outlining tool allows students to organize up to five levels of information. To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides: Analysis Tool and Guides Each presidential speech is unique. They then analyze the suggestions made by Galbraith and Stevenson and compare them to the delivered version of the speech. Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes. The appeal to political sentiment: An analysis of Donald Trump's and Hillary Clinton's speech themes and discourse strategies in the 2016 US presidential election. Noah Serda On June 24, 1985, Reagan gave a speech at a fundraising event to try to help the Kennedy Library foundation create an endowment for the presidential library, Reagan talks about Kennedy in his speech to not only help the Kennedy library but to honor Kennedy in front of his family and to talk about his legacy. Walker (R)) while others have been ignored because they have played a minor role during the electoral campaign (e.g. In this figure, the longest distance (0.510) connects Paul and OMalley, and the second longest distance (0.496) links Trump to OMalley. Note. To compute this value, the word types are ranked according to their absolute frequency, from the most frequent to the least frequent one. Here's an example of a rhetorical essay introduction to a speech from president trump: Rhetorical Essay Introduction - Example. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. When a question is discussed, the choice of the word can make the difference. Students then evaluate the impact of the In the current study, two candidates (Clinton and Trump) have opted for centering their communication around their person. Bush, Kasich) with OMalley having a very distinctive style in this point of view. Some of the terms depicted in Table 6 give some indications about this aspect as, for example, IRS, tax, amnesty with Cruz, fossil, fuel, Wall, Street with Sanders. When considering the most frequent lemmas, the candidates can be split into two groups, one using more frequently the pronoun I, and the second favoring more the we (which corresponds to candidates leaving the presidential run sooner). . You will first choose the speech you will analyze for the final speech. 3 0 obj Read the first three paragraphs of Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. As shown previously, the h-point is rather small, and thus, the words reflecting more the style (e.g. . Students explore the ways that powerful and passionate words communicate the concepts of freedom, justice, discrimination, and the American Dream in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. Photo by Rowland Scherman. the Congress) and these studies are mainly grounded on the written form. This rhetoric problem was recognized by previous US president such as President Johnson who told his speechwriters: I want four-letter words, and I want four sentences to the paragraph. (Hart, 1984). Presidential Speeches Rhetorical Analysis Bundle. 4 0 obj The candidates who stayed longer in this campaign have a clear preference for the I over the we. endobj Skills: In completing this assignment, you will practice the following skills that are essential to your success at MCC and your professional life beyond school. Thus, for the entire corpus, the absolute frequency of the term ti is tfi0 + tfi1. With the immigration issue for example, Trump prefers using the term immigration presenting this question more at an abstract level. O The repetition emphasizes the principles of freedom. The Labbs measure (Labb, 2007) has however demonstrated its effectiveness in various authorship attribution problems such as in literary works (Labb and Labb, 2006), in historical newspaper articles (Savoy, 2013), or in political speeches (Savoy, 2015d). Antanagoge. The last row of Table 4 reports the values of this Q-index for all candidates. In another study, Yu (2013) reveals that (political) feminine figures tend to use emotional words more frequently and employ more personal pronouns than men. Here the candidate wants to put forward his competence in generating balanced budgets as Governor of Ohio. <> SHAPIRO: So as you study Trump's use of language, there are so many ways he is different from presidents who came before him. On this icy day in Washington D. C, Barack Obama gave his inaugural speech after taking the oath of office. Jennifer Mercieca studies American political rhetoric at Texas A&M University, and she's the author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". JENNIFER MERCIECA: Thank you for having me. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. The tone shifts throughout the selection. Take the students to the library and allow them to research their speeches. tweets, blogs, chats) was used by OConnor et al. Extreme values are depicted in bold. Several factors influencing the style are therefore fixed. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The only time that you see presidents using the rhetorical strategy of reification, which is treating people as objects, is when they're using war rhetoric. During the 2016 primaries, the average value per candidate reported in Table 3 (label MSL) confirms this tendency with a mean varying from 21.9 (OMalley) to 13.7 (Trump). 2 0 obj After all the election is the process to select one person. Also grounded on several dictionaries (or categories), Young and Soroka (2012) describe how one can detect and measure sentiments appearing in political texts. The sentence is longer that the MSL (18.3) for this candidate. head, ache, sleep). Remind them to refer to the. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, CCSS alignments are forthcoming. More broadly, rhetorical strategies also include rhetorical devices and rhetorical appeals. Me and the workers? What rhetorical devices aided the authors manipulation of his audience? But he also threatens violence more than any of his predecessors have. Peer Response Handout: Students use this worksheet to examine and answer questions regarding their peer's essay. One can complement this study by considering the terms ignored or used very infrequently in this primary election. This article has analyzed the style and the rhetoric used by the candidates during the 2016 US primary election. To answer these questions, the current study will focus on the US primaries TV debates. Help students find the history behind the speech without getting too bogged down in the details. To build Fig. Splitting the vocabulary into two distinct parts is relatively known in stylistic (Damerau, 1975), authorship attribution (Argamon and Levitan, 2005; Stamatatos, 2009), or in quantitative linguistics studies (Tuzzi, 2010). (2015) have proposed an h-point to measure the thematic concentration of a text. Kasich depicts the highest value leading clearly more toward action. In this first example, the fiscal question appears with a proposition for a simple flat tax and in the second, an attack against Trump, but a religious concern appears also in the background. Trumps topics are relatively similar to those presented by Kasich and, with some distance, with those exposed by Paul. (2007) were able to determine the personalities of different political candidates (US presidential election in 2004). Ask students to consider how the author manipulates the audience using tone, diction, and stylistic devices. Displaying directly the 9 9 matrix containing these distances has a limited interest. As a first indicator, one can consider the mean sentence length (MSL) reflecting a syntactical choice. For example, no selected candidate is discussing really the problem of the national debt. Focusing on the USA, recent studies confirm these findings as, for example, using the State of the Union (Savoy, 2015a) or inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). In addition, Table 4 reports the percentage of pronouns, names, conjunctions, and others forms (e.g. The pronoun we stays ambiguous (Who is behind the we? O Voting in the municipal election is a matter of life and death. ReadWriteThink Notetaker: Students use this interactive tool to help them track their notes they take in preparation for their essay. Preparation Historical Background and Context On January 20, 1961, a clerk of the US Supreme Court held the large Fitzgerald family Bible as John F. Kennedy took the oath of office to become the nation's 35th president. % Obama stated many things in his speech, which Clark states related to four rhetorical strategies: The power of allusion, parallelism, the "two-ness" of texture, and autobiography. In this lesson plan, students consider the rhetorical devices in the address JFK delivered on January 20, 1961. <> These morphological tags (Marcus et al., 1993) correspond mainly to those used in the Brown corpus (Francis and Kucera, 1982). Abstract: This paper analyzes President Obama's rhetoric in his two inaugural addresses in order to determine how his presidential rhetoric conforms and violates current rhetorical traditions in inaugural addresses. of ! We'll see. But each candidate wants to promote his/her own specific point of view on some issues, and must underline his differences with others. Les mots qui nous gouvernent. How might worldwide demand for gasoline affect the economy of the Gulf coastal plain? The over-used terms and typical sentences associated with each candidate reveal their specific topics such as simple flat tax for Cruz, balanced budget for Kasich, negativity with Trump, or critiques against large corporations and Wall Street for Sanders. As another aspect, one can view that the preferred pronoun is we and not I. of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956. The third longest distance (0.467) can be found between Cruz and OMalley. How can one define them, and, from a statistical point of view, be sure that the proposed terms are significantly over-used by the candidate? Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. It should be noted that, regarding the four indices, Clinton is closer to OMalley or Cruz than to Trump. Barack Obama Inaugural Address: Analysis Introduction. Looking back to Table 6, one can see that the terms Ohio, balanced, budget, and we and the first four most specific words describing Kasichs utterances. Can one be more precise than the simple sequence of isolated words such as balanced, budget, we (Kasich) or IRS, tax (Cruz)? The maximum value per grammatical category is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. In a rhetorical analysis project, it would be up to you, the analyzer, to point out this move and . his goal of persuading steel companies to lower their prices back down was successful due to his rhetorical strategy. electoral speeches, party manifestos, Web sites of the candidates, social networks information flow). For this paper a rhetorical analysis of Obama's addresses was performed using a form of genre criticism. Even if pronouns are more frequent in dialogue or in oral form than in written communication (Biber and Conrad, 2009), the high frequency of I and we is a fundamental characteristic of political speech. endobj SHAPIRO: You point out that President Trump is much more eager than any of his predecessors to dehumanize his opponents. A conclusion draws the main findings of this study. In this essay, we will analyze the rhetorical strategies used by Anne Hutchinson in her sermons .
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