Step-by-step solution. The cold pack is activated and applied to the affected area. \[\ce{CaCl_2} \left (s \right) \rightarrow \ce{Ca^{2+}} \left( aq \right) + 2 \ce{Cl^-} \left( aq \right) + 82.8 \: \text{kJ}\nonumber \]. To purify the resulting crystals, they were dissolved in boiling water with charcoal and filtered. See also tabulated values of specific heat of gases, food and foodstuff, metals and semimetals, common solids and other common substances as well as values of molar specific heat of common organic substances and inorganic substances. As the ammonium nitrate dissolves, it absorbs heat from the body and helps to limit swelling. Chem. In a certain experiment, \(50.0 \: \text{g}\) of \(\ce{NaOH}\) is completely dissolved in \(1.000 \: \text{L}\) of \(20.0^\text{o} \text{C}\) water in a foam cup calorimeter. Does enthalpy of dissolution change with temperature? The urea molecule is planar. Careers. If covered by an occlusive dressing, 40% urea preparations may also be used for nonsurgical debridement of nails. [25], Like saline, urea has been injected into the uterus to induce abortion, although this method is no longer in widespread use.[26]. C H 4N 2O. Int J Mol Sci. The first is carbamate formation: the fast exothermic reaction of liquid ammonia with gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperature and pressure to form ammonium carbamate ([NH4]+[NH2COO]):[9]. Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. J. Res. Tadpoles excrete ammonia, but shift to urea production during metamorphosis. | Predict Chemical & Physical Properties Antoine Franois, comte de Fourcroy and Louis Nicolas Vauquelin discovered in 1799 that the nitrated crystals were identical to Rouelle's substance and invented the term "urea. Sample calculations using molar heat of solution are given. [24] In a 2010 study of ICU patients, urea was used to treat euvolemic hyponatremia and was found safe, inexpensive, and simple. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. The heats of solution, heats of formation, With methylolureas, the hydrophobic effect is likely to result in a similarly directed tendency. [61] The process consists of two main equilibrium reactions, with incomplete conversion of the reactants. [all data], Schmidt and Becker, 1933 [54] Regardless, with his discovery, Whler secured a place among the pioneers of organic chemistry. When a gnoll vampire assumes its hyena form, do its HP change? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us [email protected]. Urea is a raw material for the manufacture of urea-formaldehyde resins, used mainly in wood-based panels such as particleboard, fiberboard and plywood. Despite the generalization above, the urea pathway has been documented not only in mammals and amphibians, but in many other organisms as well, including birds, invertebrates, insects, plants, yeast, fungi, and even microorganisms. Molten urea decomposes into ammonium cyanate at about 152C, and into ammonia and isocyanic acid above 160C:[8], Heating above 160C yields biuret NH2CONHCONH2 and triuret NH2CONHCONHCONH2 via reaction with isocyanic acid:[9][8], At higher temperatures it converts to a range of condensation products, including cyanuric acid (CNOH)3, guanidine HNC(NH2)2, and melamine. ; Vorob'eva, V.P. Hot packs and cold packs (see figure below) use this property. 0000002406 00000 n However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Is the change in enthalpy (H) for dissolution of urea in water positive or negative? Epub 2022 Apr 20. 2010-2023 Condo GmbH Acad. Thermochim. Epub 2007 May 16. Urea 40% "dissolves the intercellular matrix"[20][21] of the nail plate. What differentiates living as mere roommates from living in a marriage-like relationship? Additivity of the enthalpies of formation of urea derivatives in the crystalline state, %PDF-1.5 @~`)vg)XkJc4w`*Uk+@s xc83)*':L&,|r^!IW&YAE2JFDp81{|2/.< Urea Solution | Yara International PDF UREA WATER SOLUTIONS - The Fluid Fertilizer Foundation 338 0 obj <>/Encrypt 322 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6B3E4B6540F594489EE4FEBDA0E04559>]/Index[321 42]/Info 320 0 R/Length 90/Prev 184238/Root 323 0 R/Size 363/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream government site. [11][13], Urea is readily quantified by a number of different methods, such as the diacetyl monoxime colorimetric method, and the Berthelot reaction (after initial conversion of urea to ammonia via urease). Unexpected uint64 behaviour 0xFFFF'FFFF'FFFF'FFFF - 1 = 0? The results of this experiment implicitly discredited vitalism, the theory that the chemicals of living organisms are fundamentally different from those of inanimate matter. It reduces the complexity of the multi-stage recycle scheme, and it reduces the amount of water recycled in the carbamate solution, which has an adverse effect on the equilibrium in the urea conversion reaction and thus on overall plant efficiency. An official website of the United States government. %%EOF Boerhaave called urea "sal nativus urin" (the native, cycling of and excretion of urea by the kidneys, thin descending limb of the loop of Henle, "Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycerine", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Inhibition of protein carbamylation in urea solution using ammonium-containing buffers", "Evaluation of flow injection analysis for determination of urea in sheep's and cow's milk", "A microscale method for colorimetric determination of urea in soil extracts", "Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain", "Carbamide Peroxide Drops GENERIC NAME(S): CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE", "Treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in the intensive care unit by urea", "Induction of therapeutic abortion by intra-amniotic injection of urea", "How to measure renal function in clinical practice", "Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons Reduce Restenosis After Femoro-Popliteal Angioplasty", "Drug-Coated Balloons for Coronary and Peripheral Interventional Procedures", "Intrinsic coating morphology modulates acute drug transfer in drug-coated balloon therapy", "Lacura Multi Intensive Serum Review Excellent value for money Lacura Multi Intensive Serum "Aqua complete", "Urea as an Ice Nucleant for Supercooled Clouds", 10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0197:UAAINF>2.0.CO;2, "Dyeing FAQ: What is urea for, in dyeing? In aqueous urea solutions the partial specific heat of urea has been found to increase as the urea concentration is raised [13], the hydrophobic effect having been suggested as the responsible factor. See also tabulated values of specific heat of Gases, Food and foodstuff, Metals and semimetals,Common solids and other Common substances. In your answer, you are missing a negative sign in $\Delta H=Q$ the way you start out with $Q$ from the perspective of the water. ; Huffman, H.M.; Barmore, M., Urea is found in the urine of mammals and amphibians, as well as some fish. Chim., 1982, 27, 205-209. This is determined when the crystal is nucleated and can thus be forced by seeding. Disclaimer. Chem. %PDF-1.6 % Effect of ethylene glycol and its derivatives on the aggregation properties of reactive Orange 13 dye aqueous solution. The body uses it in many processes, most notably nitrogen excretion. Parks, G.S. Urea's high aqueous solubility reflects its ability to engage in extensive hydrogen bonding with water. &= \pu{-7030.59J/mol}\\ ; Frenkel, M.L., Acta, 1988, 127, 223-236. endobj That eliminates the medium-pressure stage of the conventional recycle process.[9][63]. Urea - Wikipedia For its main use as a fertilizer urea is mostly marketed in solid form, either as prills or granules. Thermal Data. 0000001018 00000 n Producing hydrogen by electrolysis of urea solution occurs at a lower voltage (0.37V) and thus consumes less energy than the electrolysis of water (1.2V). 0000024384 00000 n This flushes out free ammonia, reducing its partial pressure over the liquid surface and carrying it directly to a carbamate condenser (also under full system pressure). Prikl. Birds and saurian reptiles have a different form of nitrogen metabolism that requires less water, and leads to nitrogen excretion in the form of uric acid. 362 0 obj <>stream .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}. Urea reacts with malonic esters to make barbituric acids. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in sweat. ; T = 86 to 300 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. Urea present in urine/wastewater can be used directly (though bacteria normally quickly degrade urea). Effectively all new urea plants use the a stripper, and many total recycle urea plants have converted to a stripping process. Zhur. 0000013183 00000 n Soc., 1940, 62, 291-297. The sign of Q depends on the perspective. Legal. 0000012970 00000 n We don't save this data. Fourcroy et Vaulquelin, pour servir lhistoire naturelle, chimique et mdicale de lurine humaine, contenant quelques faits nouveaux sur son analyse et son altration spontane", "Deuxime mmoire: Pour servir lhistoire naturelle, chimique et mdicale de lurine humaine, dans lequel on soccupe spcialement des proprits de la matire particulire qui le caractrise,", "Observations on the nature of some of the proximate principles of the urine; with a few remarks upon the means of preventing those diseases, connected with a morbid state of that fluid", "Feed Grade Biuret as a Protein Replacement for Ruminants. Historically corrosion has been minimized (although not eliminated) by continuous injection of a small amount of oxygen (as air) into the plant to establish and maintain a passive oxide layer on exposed stainless steel surfaces. [11] Dissolving urea in ultrapure water followed by removing ions (i.e. What is the Russian word for the color "teal"? Before Specific heat of urea =. If water were added to acid, the water would quickly heat and splatter, causing harm to the person making the solution. The dissolutionprocess releases a large amount of heat, which causes the temperature of the solution to rise. Dear Kim Tae Woo ,The specific heat of urea formaldehyde resin (Urea Formaldehyde Thermosetting Alfa cellulose filled) is 0.586 Cal/gram regards Prem Baboo Cite Johann Moser Metadynea. J Phys Chem B. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! \Delta H &= \frac{(\pu{150ml}) \times (\pu{1g mL^{-1}}) \times (\pu{4.18J g^{-1} K ^{-1}}) \times (\pu{-2.8 K})} {(\pu{15g}/\pu{60.07g})}\\ A temperature change from 20.6 C to 17.8 C is measured. Calculating heat of combustion via calorimetry. Urea can also be produced by heating ammonium cyanate to 60C. Kozyro, A.A.; Dalidovich, S.V. The molar heat of solution, \(\Delta H_\text{soln}\), of \(\ce{NaOH}\) is \(-44.51 \: \text{kJ/mol}\). 0 and Informatics, Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 4.1, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data). Ruehrwein, R.A.; Huffman, H.M., [9], Ammonium carbamate solutions are highly corrosive to metallic construction materials even to resistant forms of stainless steel especially in the hottest parts of the plant such as the stripper. Canadian of Polish descent travel to Poland with Canadian passport. ; Latimer, W.M. 0000024003 00000 n Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. FOIA The BlueTec system, for example, injects a water-based urea solution into the exhaust system. The process conditions are a compromise: the ill-effect on the first reaction of the high temperature (around 190C) needed for the second is compensated for by conducting the process under high pressure (140175bar), which favors the first reaction. 1) Grams \(\ce{NaOH}\) is converted to moles. and transmitted securely. 17.13: Heat of Solution - Chemistry LibreTexts XIX. Take the time to validate and double check the source of the data. XI. 2) Moles is multiplied by the molar heat of solution. J. Would you like email updates of new search results? 0000024100 00000 n ; Lebedev, Yu.A., Backer, H. J. How can enthalpy change of a system be negative while entropy change is positive? Urea breaks down in the soil to give ammonium ions (NH+4). For conversion of units, use the Specific heat online unit converter. The second is urea conversion: the slower endothermic decomposition of ammonium carbamate into urea and water: The overall conversion of NH3 and CO2 to urea is exothermic, with the reaction heat from the first reaction driving the second. All rights reserved. been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Ureas in the more general sense can be accessed in the laboratory by reaction of phosgene with primary or secondary amines: These reactions proceed through an isocyanate intermediate. Contineanu, I.; Wagner, L.; Stanescu, L.; Marchidan, D.I., In water, the amine groups undergo slow displacement by water molecules, producing ammonia, ammonium ion, and bicarbonate ion. Thermodyn., 1987, 19, 1121-1127. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Being practically neutral and highly soluble in water, urea is a safe vehicle for the body to transport and excrete excess nitrogen. [42] Furthermore, 1gram of nitrogen is roughly equivalent to 6.25grams of protein, and 1gram of protein is roughly equivalent to 5grams of muscle tissue. [all data], Simirsky, Kabo, et al., 1987 Assessment of Measurement of Salivary Urea by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy to Screen for CKD. Highly corrosion resistant materials have been introduced to reduce the need for passivation oxygen, such as specialized duplex stainless steels in the 1990's, and zirconium or zirconium-clad titanium tubing in the 2000's.[9]. Am. [9], The "conventional recycle process" for recovering and reusing the reactants has largely been supplanted by a stripping process, developed in the early 1960s by Stamicarbon in The Netherlands, that operates at or near the full pressure of the reaction vessel. \: \text{g}\) (assumes density \(= 1.00 \: \text{g/mL}\)), \(T_\text{initial} \: \left( \ce{H_2O} \right) = 20.0^\text{o} \text{C}\), \(c_p \: \left( \ce{H_2O} \right) = 4.18 \: \text{J/g}^\text{o} \text{C}\). | Legal, Please note that you need to enable javascript to get access to all the properties. 5 |kwyGr&huAZH.'60O?_(iZV# f3dw@gI:/Oz7,L+v.7i? eCollection 2020 Sep 16. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Knowing that the specific heat of the solution is 4.18 J/(g x degrees Celsius), list the specific measurement that are required to be made during the experiment. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. A temperature change from $\pu{20.6^\circ C}$ to $\pu{17.8^\circ C}$ is measured. Although it is necessary to compress gaseous carbon dioxide to this pressure, the ammonia is available from the ammonia production plant in liquid form, which can be pumped into the system much more economically. The first mention of urea is as "the essential salt of the human body" in: Peter Shaw and Ephraim Chambers. After cooling, pure crystals of urea nitrate form. 1 0 obj Urea can be produced in solid forms (prills, granules, pellets or crystals) or as solutions. Urea | NH2CONH2 - PubChem [all data], Contineanu, Wagner, et al., 1982 Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. J Biol Chem. The first step in the conversion of amino acids from protein into metabolic waste in the liver is removal of the alpha-amino nitrogen, which results in ammonia. The test detects the characteristic enzyme urease, produced by H. pylori, by a reaction that produces ammonia from urea. <> Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Many hot packs use calcium chloride, which releases heat when it dissolves, according to the equation below. 0000002575 00000 n By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. stream High concentrations in the blood can be damaging. 0000001407 00000 n [all data], Campbell and Campbell, 1940 National Library of Medicine PDF AP CHEMISTRY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES - College Board To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Urea 40% is indicated for psoriasis, xerosis, onychomycosis, ichthyosis, eczema, keratosis, keratoderma, corns, and calluses. PDF Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Kosmotropes and chaotropes: modelling preferential exclusion, binding and aggregate stability. It was first used by Dr. W. Friedrich in 1892. Well, it depends who you ask. Structurally, three distinct urea pair conformations were identified and their populations were analyzed by translational and orientational pair distribution functions. ; Campbell, A.J.R., Urea Urea Formula: CH 4 N 2 O Molecular weight: 60.0553 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/CH4N2O/c2-1 (3)4/h (H4,2,3,4) IUPAC Standard InChIKey: XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 57-13-6 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file errors or omissions in the Database. ; T = 93 to 298 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. Gambino, M.; Bros, J.P., In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea, while L-ornithine, citrulline, L-argininosuccinate, and L-arginine act as intermediates. Ammonia (NH3) is a common byproduct of the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds. "[56][57] Berzelius made further improvements to its purification[58] and finally William Prout, in 1817, succeeded in obtaining and determining the chemical composition of the pure substance. Urea solutions must be provided with sufficient heat to avoid freezing. <> In aquatic organisms the most common form of nitrogen waste is ammonia, whereas land-dwelling organisms convert the toxic ammonia to either urea or uric acid. 8600 Rockville Pike Specific heat of urea = Calculation of final temperature of the urea: Formula: The change in temperature is the difference between the final temperature () and the initial temperature ( ). uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Non-symmetric ureas can be accessed by the reaction of primary or secondary amines with an isocyanate. It is also a Lewis base forming complexes of the type [M(urea)6]n+. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 0000000945 00000 n Solved: The specific heat of urea is 1.339 J/g C. If one adds 6 When this acid is mixed with water, a great deal of heat is released in the dissolutionprocess. Report a Solution Q. Granules are produced by acretion onto urea seed particles by spraying liquid urea in a succession of layers. The basic process, patented in 1922, is called the BoschMeiser urea process after its discoverers Carl Bosch and Wilhelm Meiser. 0000020972 00000 n [ Die Bildungswarme von Nitrocellulofen, Nitroglycerin und anderen widuigen Beltandteilen von Treibmitteln, (1943) "Boerhaave's Ontdekking van het Ureum" (Boerhaave's discovery of urea), This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 21:08. Urea production occurs in the liver and is regulated by N-acetylglutamate. 0000020943 00000 n 2023 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce Am. trailer << /Size 114 /Info 83 0 R /Encrypt 87 0 R /Root 86 0 R /Prev 91543 /ID[<2f3a666df662c57b42b3dadeeac38bfa>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 86 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 80 0 R /Metadata 84 0 R >> endobj 87 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /R 2 /O (o&[=\r%_@SV[&) /U (. 2023 Apr;299(4):103075. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103075. [22] This drug (as carbamide peroxide) is also used as an earwax removal aid. Capacite calorifique de l'uree et de quelques melanges eutectiques a base d'uree entre 30 et 140C, Urea labeled with carbon-14 or carbon-13 is used in the urea breath test, which is used to detect the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the stomach and duodenum of humans, associated with peptic ulcers. Sci. In some soils, the ammonium is oxidized by bacteria to give nitrate (NO3), which is also a nitrogen-rich plant nutrient. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). When urea is used, a pre-reaction (hydrolysis) occurs to first convert it to ammonia: Being a solid highly soluble in water (545 g/L at 25C),[2] urea is much easier and safer to handle and store than the more irritant, caustic and hazardous ammonia (NH3), so it is the reactant of choice. This was the first time an organic compound was artificially synthesized from inorganic starting materials, without the involvement of living organisms. Scaling and clogging may occur when blended with hard water for deNOx operation. in these sites and their terms of usage. 85 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 88 /H [ 1171 258 ] /L 93371 /E 25019 /N 27 /T 91553 >> endobj xref 85 29 0000000016 00000 n Qi Y, Xie R, Yu A, Bukhari MN, Zhang L, Cao C, Peng H, Fang K, Chen W. RSC Adv. How to Make a Black glass pass light through it? NIST subscription sites provide data under the Am. [all data], Parks, Huffman, et al., 1933 ; Krasulin, A.P., q soln + mcT= 0 q soln = mcT m soln I'm not sure where I am wrong to be honest. II. ; Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of solid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of solid at standard conditions. The molar heat of solution \(\left( \Delta H_\text{soln} \right)\) of a substance is the heat absorbed or released when one mole of the substance is dissolved in water. Ammonia is smaller, more volatile and more mobile than urea. A test of the third law of thermodynamics, Instead of feeding carbon dioxide gas directly to the urea synthesis reactor with the ammonia, as in the conventional process, the stripping process first routes the carbon dioxide through the stripper. Combustion and formation enthalpies of o-phenylenediamine, urea and 2-benzimidazolone, From the reduction of the water exposed urea surface area, urea was found to exhibit an aggregation degree of ca. Effects of urea, tetramethyl urea, and trimethylamine N-oxide on aqueous solution structure and solvation of protein backbones: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Leakages of Urea solution lead to white salt precipitates giving an ageing look to your equipment. Thermophysical properties of the urea-formaldehyde system measured [9][63], In the conventional recycle processes, carbamate decomposition is promoted by reducing the overall pressure, which reduces the partial pressure of both ammonia and carbon dioxide, allowing these gasses to be separated from the urea product solution. Later process schemes made recycling unused ammonia and carbon dioxide practical. Mechanism of Osmolyte Stabilization-Destabilization of Proteins: Experimental Evidence. Originally, because it was not economic to recompress the ammonia and carbon dioxide for recycle, the ammonia at least would be used for the manufacture of other products such as ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate, and the carbon dioxide was usually wasted. 0000024177 00000 n source@https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-chemistry-flexbook-2.0/, Molar mass \(\ce{NaOH} = 40.00 \: \text{g/mol}\), \(\Delta H_\text{soln} \: \left( \ce{NaOH} \right) = -44.51 \: \text{kJ/mol}\), Mass \(\ce{H_2O} = 1.000 \: \text{kg} = 1000. This property can be exploited to increase the solubility of some proteins. The site is secure. How exactly bilinear pairing multiplication in the exponent of g is used in zk-SNARK polynomial verification step? As large quantities of carbon dioxide are produced during the ammonia manufacturing process as a byproduct of burning hydrocarbons to generate heat (predominantly natural gas, and less often petroleum derivatives or coal), urea production plants are almost always located adjacent to the site where the ammonia is manufactured. Mixing Liquids and/or Solids - Final Temperatures, DichlorodifluoromethaneR-12 saturated -40, DichlorodifluoromethaneR-12 saturated 120. For ammonium nitrate, \(\Delta H_\text{soln} = 25.7 \: \text{kJ/mol}\). Thermodynamic properties of the products in SO3-NH3 reaction. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Urea is basic. Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem. Epub 2023 Feb 28. the This showed for the first time that a substance previously known only as a byproduct of life could be synthesized in the laboratory without biological starting materials, thereby contradicting the widely held doctrine of vitalism, which stated that only living organisms could produce the chemicals of life. The freezing point depends on the concentration, with 40% starting to freeze at 0C. For this reason, old, stale urine has a stronger odor than fresh urine. The Potential Use of Near- and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy in Kidney Diseases. Thermal data on organic compounds. Data compiled as indicated in comments: is there such a thing as "right to be heard"? DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Kabo, Miroshnichenko, et al., 1990 [all data], Gambino and Bros, 1988 Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! To study the structure and energetics of aqueous urea solutions, we have carried out molecular dynamics simulations for a wide range of urea concentrations and temperatures. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic (LD50 is 15 g/kg for rats). Urea - NIST
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